Mathematics in Egypt originated from the practical need for measuring land, constructing buildings, and keeping track of trade and finances. The ancient Egyptians developed a sophisticated system of mathematics based on hieroglyphic numerals and mathematical papyri dating back to the Middle Kingdom period.
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Mathematics in ancient Egypt was a highly practical discipline that emerged from the need to measure land, construct buildings, and keep track of trade and finances. According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, “the ancient Egyptians developed a sophisticated system of mathematics and used it extensively for surveying and building projects, astronomy, and accounting.”
One interesting fact is that the ancient Egyptians used a base 10 system of numerals, like we do today. However, instead of taking the form of 0-9, their numerals were represented by unique hieroglyphs. For example, the numeral 1 was represented by a single dash, while the numeral 10 was represented by a drawing of a hobble used to tie a person’s legs together.
Another interesting fact is that Egyptian mathematicians were particularly adept at solving problems involving fractions and complex equations. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, for example, includes a series of problems related to calculating the area of a circle, which involved working with fractions and approximations of pi.
In addition to their practical applications, mathematics was also deeply intertwined with religion and mythology in ancient Egyptian culture. As the historian Jean-Claude Margueron wrote, “The Egyptians connected their gods with numbers, and they saw numbers as having magic and symbolic significance.” This is perhaps best exemplified by their use of the golden ratio, a mathematical proportion that was believed to hold special sacred significance, in the design of temples and other architectural structures.
In summary, mathematics in Egypt originated from the practical need for measuring land, constructing buildings, and keeping track of trade and finances. However, it was also deeply intertwined with religion and mythology, and the ancient Egyptians developed a sophisticated system of math that was highly adept at solving complex problems involving fractions and equations.
| Number | Hieroglyph | Value |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | – | 1 |
| 10 | hobble | 10 |
| 100 | coil of rope | 100 |
| 1000 | lotus flower | 1000 |
| 10000 | finger | 10000 |
“As to the methods, it is important to notice the harmony and simplicity or complexities in addition and subtraction; they were carried on according to law and rhythm. The whole was calculated by a series of halvings, doublings, and addition of the parts thus obtained until a step was reached consisting of a summation which could be made with the mental arithmetic of the times.”
– James R. Newman, The World of Mathematics.
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The HISTORY of MATHEMATICS. Documentary explores the evolution of mathematics and its role in various civilizations throughout human history. The documentary delves into the mathematics of ancient Egypt, including their number system, use of fractions, and problem-solving skills. The Babylonians’ use of mathematics in managing and expanding their empire is also highlighted, along with their invention of the symbol for zero and the use of quadratic equations. The Greeks then ushered in a new era of mathematics, introducing the power of proof and deductive systems, with Pythagoras and his followers discovering properties of right-angled triangles, developing Pythagoras’ theorem, and exploring the harmonic series. The contributions of mathematicians Euclid and Archimedes, as well as the tragic story of Hypatia, are discussed, before the documentary concludes with a look at ancient Chinese mathematics and their fascination with numbers and astronomy.
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Overview. Written evidence of the use of mathematics dates back to at least 3200 BC with the ivory labels found in Tomb U-j at Abydos. These labels appear to have been used as tags for grave goods and some are inscribed with numbers.
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